History of Egypt

 

Egypt, one of the world's oldest civilizations, was unified around 3150 BC by King Narmer. It later came under Persian, Greek, Roman, and Arab rule before being joined to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Controlled by Britain in the late 19th century, it became a republic in 1953. After several political transitions, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi currently leads the country.


Predynastic Egypt (pre-3150 BC)

Main articles: Prehistoric Egypt and Population history of Egypt


Artifacts of Egypt from the prehistoric period, from 4400 to 3100 BC. First row from top left: a Badarian ivory figurine, a Naqada II jar, a Bat figurine. Second row: a diorite vase, a flint knife, a cosmetic palette.

There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishermen was replaced by a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River, where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society.[1]


By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture had taken root in the Nile Valley.[2] During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badari culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimde, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.[3]


In Upper Egypt, the predynastic Badari culture was followed by the Naqada culture (Amratian),[4] being closely related to the Lower Nubian;[5][6][7][8] other northeast African populations,[9] with some affinities with other coastal communities from the Maghreb,[10][11] some tropical African groups,[12] and possibly inhabitants of the Middle East.[13] Upper Egypt is considered to have formed the pre-dominant basis for the cultural development of Pharaonic Egypt and the Proto-dynastic kings emerged from the Naqada region.[14][15]


Historical scholarship has generally regarded the peopling of the Egyptian Nile Valley from archaeological and biological data, to be the result of interaction between coastal northern Africans, "neolithic" Saharans, Nilotic hunters, and riverine proto-Nubians with some influence and migration from the Levant (Hassan, 1988).[16][17]


As of 2025, the earliest full-genome analysis of an ancient Egyptian is that of Old Kingdom individual (NUE001) (2855–2570 BCE), with implications for the genetic makeup of Early Dynastic Egyptians in general: the study shows that the genetic profile of this individual was most closely represented by a two-source model, in which 77.6% ± 3.8% of the ancestry corresponded to genomes from the Middle Neolithic Moroccan site of Skhirat-Rouazi (SKH, dated to 4780–4230 BCE), itself consisting of predominantly Levant Neolithic ancestry (76.4 ± 4.0%) and minor Iberomaurusian ancestry (22.4 ± 3.8%), with the remaining (22.4% ± 3.8%) most closely related to known genomes from Neolithic Mesopotamia (dated to 9000-8000 BCE).[18]


Dynastic Egypt (3150–332 BC)

Main articles: Ancient Egypt and History of ancient Egypt

Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom

Main articles: Early dynastic period of Egypt and Old Kingdom of Egypt


The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza, built during the Old Kingdom.


The Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands.[19]

A unified kingdom was formed in 3150 BC by King Menes, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs.


The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period (c. 2700–2200 BC), which constructed many pyramids, most notably the pyramid of Djoser, constructed during the Third Dynasty and the Giza Pyramids, constructed in the Fourth Dynasty.


First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period

Main articles: First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Middle Kingdom of Egypt, and Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years.[20] Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic-speaking Hyksos. The Hyksos migrants[20][21] took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

មតិយោបល់

ប្រកាស​ផ្សាយ​មតិយោបល់

ប្រកាស​​ដ៏​ពេញនិយម​ពី​ប្លុក​នេះ

Liberty Enlightening the World(Statue of Liberty)

រូបភាព
  The statue arrived in New York on June 17, 1885, in 214 specially constructed wooden cases and was reconstructed. On October 28, 1886, the it was dedicated. At the ceremony, President Grover Cleveland, who as Governor of New York had previously vetoed a bill providing funding for the pedestal, accepted the monument on behalf of the American people and promised, “We will not forget that Liberty has here made her home; nor shall her chosen altar be neglected.” Lady Liberty is inspired by the Roman goddess of liberty. In her right hand, she holds a torch above her head, and in her left hand she carries a tablet inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI (July 4, 1776, in Roman numerals), the date of the Declaration of Independence. The statue is made from 3/32 inch-thick copper and an inner structure of wrought iron and stainless steel. It measures 151 feet high, and if you include the granite pedestal, the total height is around 305 feet.As part of the fundraising effort, in 1883 American poet Em...
​អាន​បន្ថែម

ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រប្រទេសចិន /Chinese history

 Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) Main articles: Zhou dynasty and Western Zhou Further information: Iron Age China and Predynastic Zhou The Zhou dynasty (1046 BC to about 256 BC) is the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history, though its power declined steadily over the almost eight centuries of its existence. In the late 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou dynasty arose in the Wei River valley of modern western Shaanxi Province, where they were appointed Western Protectors by the Shang. A coalition led by the ruler of the Zhou, King Wu, defeated the Shang at the Battle of Muye. They took over most of the central and lower Yellow River valley and enfeoffed their relatives and allies in semi-independent states across the region.[34] Several of these states eventually became more powerful than the Zhou kings. The kings of Zhou invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize their rule, a concept that was influential for almost every succeeding dynasty.[35] Like Shangdi, Heaven (tian)...
​អាន​បន្ថែម